In the same way that a child must be able to move his legs before he can learn to walk，the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning.Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by 1 learning takes place.One kind of learning is called“classical conditioning”.This occurs when one event or stimulus is paired with or followed 2，a reward or punishment.It is through classical conditioning 3 a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love，for he learns that this person provides food and 4.

The second kind of learning is called“operational conditioning”.This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments.For example，if a mother 5 attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet，she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from his mother.6，the baby will learn to 7 his crying in order to have his mother more.Negative emotions are learned in a similar way.

Every day，we grow and have new experience.We constantly learn by reading，watching television，interacting with other people，and so forth.This learning 8 our emotions.Why is it that we learn to like some people but dislike others？If a person is nice to us，cares about us，we learn to associate this person with 9 feelings，such as happiness，friendliness，etc.On the other hand，if a person is mean to us，does not care about us，and even 10 does things to harm us，we learn to associate this person with unhappiness，anger，etc.

（  ）1.A.that    B.them    C.which    D.what

1.C【解析】此句為定語從句，先行詞processes作介詞by的賓語。

（  ）2.A.up    B.with    C.by    D.from

2.C【解析】be followed by為固定搭配，意為“緊跟著，緊隨其后”。

（  ）3.A.that    B.so that    C.such    D.such as

3.A【解析】“it is+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+其他”為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，其中that不能用其他詞代替。

（  ）4.A.drink    B.comfort    C.freedom    D.sympathy

4.B【解析】drink“酒，飲料”；comfort“安慰”；freedom“自由”；sympathy“同情”。前面提到孩子學(xué)會把媽媽的臉和聲音與幸福和愛聯(lián)系起來，后面解釋原因：因?yàn)樗肋@個人（即媽媽）給他提供食物和____。比較四個選項(xiàng)，首先排除C、D，而嬰幼兒的主要食物就是奶，因此也不需要drink。故選B。

（  ）5.A.always    B.sometimes    C.seldom    D.never

5.A【解析】句意：例如，如果一個母親在孩子哭時_____去照顧他直至他安靜下來，那她是在教孩子，他哭就能獲得媽媽的注意。根據(jù)空格后的內(nèi)容可以判斷，只有孩子一哭媽媽總是去哄，孩子才會認(rèn)為哭會得到媽媽的注意。故選A。

（  ）6.A.However    B.Nonetheless    C.Instead    D.Thus

6.D【解析】根據(jù)空格前后句意可以判斷，此處需要一個表示因果關(guān)系的詞。故選D。

（  ）7.A.stop    B.increase    C.weaken    D.decrease

7.B【解析】根據(jù)前句可知，孩子從媽媽那學(xué)習(xí)到自己一哭媽媽就會去哄，因此會多哭以獲取媽媽更多的關(guān)愛。故選B。

（  ）8.A.decides    B.generates    C.affects    D.effects

8.C【解析】decide“決定”；generate“發(fā)生，形成”；affect“影響”；effect，名詞，“影響，效果，作用?！贝司湟磉_(dá)的意思是“這種學(xué)習(xí)會影響我們的情感”，且需要的是動詞。故選C。

（  ）9.A.innovative    B.positive    C.conclusive    D.competitive

9.B【解析】innovative“創(chuàng)新的，新穎的”；positive“積極的，肯定的”；conclusive“決定性的，最后的”；competitive“競爭的，比賽的”?？崭窈蟮睦佣际欠e極的感受，故選B。

（  ）10.A.respectively    B.specially    C.hardly    D.deliberately

10.D【解析】respectively“分別地，各自地”；specially“特別地”；hardly“幾乎不”；deliberately“故意地”。根據(jù)前文的is mean to us可知，此句要表達(dá)的是“甚至故意做一些對我們有害的事情”。故選D。

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